. : , , ... , . . 100 ?
, . , . . . XIII : , . , 1835 . - , . : . 1890- ( 1867 ).
, . 1895 . . . . XIX . . . - .
1887 . . , , . , , , . 12 .
, . . . : , . 1899 . ( 33 ) 1901 . .
, Gem Manufacturing Company Ltd , . . , Gem () . (), . , , . , , , . , . - , , . , Gem () , .
. , , 1899 . , , Konaclip 1900 . . , . .
, . -, , , -, . , , . , . , . . . 1902 . . Stral . , , , .
1999 . . . Gem (" ) . - . Gem Manufacturing Ltd 1900 . Ideal (" ) . . Non-Skid ( "") .
. , - .
1925 " - . . . 1990- . . "Be", λ, "", .
, . , , . , .
1990 . . , , .
20 . . , , 5% ...